By Ikechukwu Amaechi
It was Thomas Hobbes, the 17th century English philosopher, who
in his seminal work Leviathan put a magnifying lens on “the natural
condition of mankind.” All humans are by nature equal in faculties of body
and mind, he argued, and therefore, “During the time men live without a common
power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre … of every man against every
man,” a natural condition he elucidated with the Latin phrase bellum omnium contra omnes (war of
all against all).
“The life of man” in the state of nature, Hobbes famously wrote,
is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
In the state of nature,
security was impossible for anyone, and the fear of death dominated every
aspect of life. Being rational, man sought to reverse this nihilistic status
quo. Therefore, since in the
state of nature “all men have a natural right to all things,” to assure peace,
men must give up their right to some things, and Hobbes asserted that an
individual’s transfer of some of his rights to another is offset by certain
gains for himself.