By Feyi Fawehinmi
Before he died in 2015, the late Professor Stephen Ellis
wrote his last book titled This Present Darkness: A History of Nigerian
Organised Crime. Going through this book left me with several thoughts, most
of them unpleasant.
It is a fascinating read covering, not just organised
crime, but the evolution of the Nigerian state (or maybe they are the same
thing?). At any rate, I want to share 8 random things I found interesting in
the book and I will leave you to draw your own conclusions.
1. In 1947, late Chief Obafemi Awolowo wrote that “Corruption is the
greatest defect of the Native
Court system.” He complained that not only did
judges take bribes, people used their connections to enrich themselves and
avoid punishment for their crimes. He also wrote that in the north, a new Emir
always removed all the people appointed by the previous Emir and replaced them
with his own people. He wrote all these as a complaint against the Indirect
Rule system favoured by the British.
2. In 1922, the Colonial Secretary in London,
one Winston Churchill, wrote to Nigeria’s
Governor General at the time, Sir Hugh Clifford, asking him to ban certain
types of letters called ‘Charlatanic correspondences’. This was because J.K
Macgregor who was Headmaster of Hope Waddell Institute for 36 years, had
discovered hundreds of letters written and received by his students ordering
all sorts of books, charms and even potions from England,
America and India in
particular. Most of the charms were nonsense and the students were invariably
asked to send more money if they wanted more powerful ones. A total of 2,855
such letters were intercepted by the Posts & Telegraph Department between
1935 and 1938.
3. In 1939, a Nigerian
businessman based in Ghana
named Prince Eikeneh, wrote to the colonial government in Nigeria complaining about the number of Nigerian
girls who were coming to Ghana
to work as sex workers. He said the girls were usually taken there by a
Warri-based Madam named ‘Alice’
who told the girls they were going to learn a trade or get married. He
concluded that the trade was very well-organised and profitable for the ring
leaders.
4. In 1950, Abubakar Tafewa Balewa said ‘the twin curses of bribery and
corruption pervade every rank and department of government’. At that time, the
word ‘awoof’ was already being used to describe how civil servants used their
positions to enrich themselves. In 1952, an anti-corruption campaigner named
Eyo A. Akak complained that Nigerians were abandoning farming for trade due to materialism
and consumerism. He said that every ex-serviceman now wanted to own a Raleigh bicycle before
going back to his village while every civil servant wanted to own a car. He
even blamed women (partly) for this because all of them only wanted to marry
rich men.
5. In 1959, there were 60,000 school graduates in the Western Region.
By the following year, the number had increased to 200,000. However, this led
to a now familiar problem. By 1963, primary education was turning out 180,000
graduates a year but only 80,000 of them could find jobs, according to the
Regional Minister of Finance. The same minister also said he was ‘looking for a
method to crackdown on school principals who were collecting money from
students for a variety of services’.
6. In 1968, a
Polish-British sociologist named Stanislav Andreski coined the term
‘kleptocracy’ to describe the system of government he found in Nigeria. He
said ‘Nigeria
is the most perfect example of kleptocracy since power itself rests on the
ability to bribe’.
7. In 1975, a
report of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the shortage of petroleum
products found that a lot of the petrol being imported into Nigeria (due to the inability of the
Port-Harcourt refinery to meet local demand) was being smuggled to Chad and Niger Republic.
As soon as NNPC was formed, people swarmed around it and all sorts of people
got crude oil lifting contracts. The US Embassy in Paris reported in 1973 that a random American
walked into the Embassy and showed them a contract he had to lift 2 million
tons of Nigerian crude oil. He told the Embassy that ‘a great deal of under the
table payments were taking place in Nigeria to obtain crude oil’.
8.Around 1979,
a British bank, Johnson Matthey collaborated with the
Central Bank of Nigeria to
export huge amounts of forex from Nigeria on behalf of politicians
like Alhaji Umaru Dikko in contravention of foreign exchange controls. The bank
later collapsed due to unsecured loans to Nigeria and had to be bailed out by
the Bank of England with £100m in 1984 – the first time the Bank of England had
ever rescued a private bank in British history. It also led to the passing of
the Insolvency Act by Margaret Thatcher’s government in 1986. One of the
directors of the bank, Vasant Advani, ran to Nigeria
in 1986 but returned to the UK
in 2008 for treatment when he was diagnosed with cancer. In 2011, at the age of
67, he was sentenced to 16 months in prison for the fraud that brought down
that bank. No official on the Nigerian side, to the best of my knowledge, was
ever convicted.
What do these stories tell us? Is Nigeria
hopeless or cursed? Can things ever change? Have we always been this way or is
it a recent thing?
I have a simple answer to all of these questions – we
don’t take our problems seriously enough. None of our challenges can withstand
the power of sustained thinking if we really apply ourselves. But we start by
misdiagnosing the problems and then naturally applying the wrong treatment. Or
run to church.
As a result, the hand of history remains strong on Nigeria.
No comments:
Post a Comment