By Olusuyi Adaramewa
The emergence of “Ponzi Scheme” in the annals of investment’s Lexicon albeit a globally notorious phenomenon, was not a recent development. Its historical antecedent was set in motion with the celebrated Charles Ponzi scheme which came to the fore in the 1920s. Perhaps, it may not be trite to assert that the scheme slipped quietly into the financial eco-system without any inkling on the part of its preys that the strategic initiatives of Charles Ponzi were disguised by investments jiggery-pokery.
Be that as it may, from the available financial memoir, it has been enunciated with profound lucidity that the progenitor of the scheme was an Italian business man, named Charles Ponzi. Indeed, Ponzi’s escapades, as well as his atrocious moves on the investment landscape were huge and monstrous. As at the last count, investors in the Ponzi’s Scheme lost about $15million. He was not just the grandmaster of the art, but also an octopus per excellence in the game. Thus his posture and sobriquet as the grandfather of Ponzi schemes has remained incontrovertible by any one till date.
Additionally, it was classically chronicled that in the 1920s, his notoriety and craftiness in misrepresentation of facts on financial re-engineering, dovetailed into scamming investors via a scheme that they were investing in international mail coupons. In luring his clients, he made irresistible and mouth watering promises to the numerous preys masquerading as investors. Put starkly, a 50% return on their investments after few months was considered then and even now as not only mouth watering, but irresistible to his gullible cohorts or better still, investing audience. Thus, some investors with a knack for innoxiousness took the plunge. The victims might have relied most heavily on their insatiability instincts as well as their inexpertness which culminated in their capitulation to the roguery and the patent sleaze of Charles Ponzi.
For the avoidance of doubt, it could be stated that Charles Ponzi was never keen in turning around the financial fortunes of his clients or even at home with investments wizardry that could bolster their profits. Pathetically, he was not involved in any productive venture or rendering any financial service to the public. Despite this investment oddity, he was perfidious enough by basically using the funds from new entrants or investors to pay opaque “returns” to earlier investors. After some time, he reneged on his promises, defaulted and investors lost their wealth spectacularly.
Ever
since, most schemes that emerged were now dubbed “Ponzi.” Suffice it to say
that the schemes have been growing in leaps and bounds. It has come in several
names, shapes, coloration and even added some flavour to investment activities
globally.
To underpin this fact, one of the greatest Ponzi schemes in history happened
recently. It involved the celebrated Bernie Madoff, an American fraudster and
Wall Street financier who defrauded “the largest, possibly most devastating
Ponzi scheme in history, defrauding thousands of investors of about
USD64.8billion.” He was later prosecuted and sentenced to 150 years
imprisonment where he died in 2021 at the age of 82.
At this juncture, can we pause and ruminate on this poser: Are the average
Nigerian investors ring-fenced from the vicissitudes of Ponzi? Your guess is as
good as mine. In Nigeria, the metamorphosis of the schemes are legion, but they
include but not limited to: Umana-Umanah, Forum, Deception or Advance fee Fraud
otherwise called 419, Yahoo Yahoo or G boys, Yahoo Plus or even multiplication.
Some financial analysts had opined recently, that it was advancing into the
remit of the real estate sector of our economy.
After a thorough and detached analysis of the scheme, the
following factors may have galvanized the interests of its patrons in our own
economic milieu. Firstly, there is lack of due diligence on the part of
investors. Most of the Nigerian investors who usually get their fingers burnt
via Ponzi schemes fail to do proper due diligence in their investment
activities. The legal maxim of “caveat emptor” (Buyers beware) holds sway here.
Most investors who fall victims of the Ponzi scheme do not ask
pertinent questions such as: what is the track record of the company promoting
the scheme? What is their business model? Are they into manufacturing or
playing in the service sector? Who are the key members of the Board? Are there
key Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN’s,) Securities and Exchange Commission’s
(SEC’s,), approvals or licences for the scheme?
What is the purpose for which funds are being raised? Is it a debt
or equity instrument? Is there a cap or ceiling on the money being raised? What
is the return on the investment (ROI)? Is 20% per month (ROI) or 240% per annum
under an inclement economic climate like ours realistic? Is the company rated
by any of the reputable rating agencies such as Fitch, Moddy or even our own
Augusto? Once these and other posers cannot be satisfactorily answered, then,
there is a red flag and it is incumbent on the investor to be circumspect.
Secondly, greed and high risk taking tendencies among some folks cannot be
wished away. This has become obvious considering that Nigerians have high
proclivity for greed and gambling. The “get rich quick syndrome” is innate in
some of them. This acts as impetus that motivates their propensity to invest in
Ponzi schemes like Umana-Umana, MMM, etc.
Closely related to this is the emotional instincts coupled with
religious practices of some Nigerians. In this connection, the “ it is not my
portion syndrome, I reject it” or blatant self-denial, or extreme optimism or
gambling” come into play. These are some of the emotive or religious stimulants
that some Nigerians who are members of some faith-based organizations rely on
in order to carry on with such investments. Their faiths sometimes act as
catalysts that lure them into such investments. Despite the fact that others
before them have got their fingers burnt, there is this spirit that sometimes
pushes them to believe that they will not suffer the same fate like their
predecessors.
Ignorance or lack of knowledge about the scheme may be a
contributory factor to the growth of Ponzi in Nigeria. It has been observed
that many Nigerian investors lack the capacity and capability to
interrogate the key performance indicators (KPI) of a company in which they
want to invest. Some of them cannot even analyze the audited financial
statements of the companies of their choice. Despite the fact that there are
some financial advisers that can assist the investors at moderate costs, the
investors will not contact them to render such professional services.
Endorsement of the Ponzi product or service has crept into our
business life to the extent that it is increasingly becoming a powerful
marketing tool these days. The social media is an effective platform being
employed by their users. When the endorser (i.e. the promoter or sponsor) of a
new product or service is a star artist or a renowned religious personality
(with a massive followership) in the Nigerian society, it goes without saying
that it may act as a weapon of mass mobilization of support for the product or
service in question. This singular factor might have shaped the investment
decisions of investors in the Ponzi scheme.
Furthermore, the impact of the social media might have aided the
growth of Ponzi scheme in Nigeria. The fact that whenever you switch on your
handset or computer, the advertisements of such a product or service prop up
sometimes makes the investments more attractive and appealing. Meanwhile, some
investors who fall victim of the scheme are attracted by the fact that they
read or saw the advertisements online. However, they are oblivious of the fact
that reading or viewing something online doesn’t make it authentic, or confer
genuineness on the product or service.
Perhaps paying lackadaisical attention to regulatory
pronouncements may be another factor. Some Nigerian investors pay little or no
attention to their regulatory environment. For instance, both the CBN and SEC
have been warning investors on the dangers of patronising Ponzi schemes in
Nigeria. While some yielded the warnings, a large proportion of the victims did
not. In the process, it was alleged by some analysts that a whooping sum of
over N200billion was lost to MBA FX alone recently.
In conclusion, therefore, the Nigerian investing public needs to
be circumspect whenever a new scheme emerges. As a rational investor, the
cliché should be: “shine your eyes” or better still buyers beware (caveat
emptor). This is imperative, given the fact that any fund lost by any investor
in the scheme may not be easy to recover. After all, such financial dealing may
be tantamount to an illegality in the first place, or akin to an investment
misadventure wherein both the investors and the Ponzi scheme operators are
considered suspects who may have violated some sections of the extant laws of
the land.
*Dr.
Adaramewa, a Lawyer and an ex-banker wrote from Lagos.
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