By Abraham Ogbodo
The Aristotelian perspective defines the tragic hero as being
complete in all the indices of greatness, but lacking in an essential character
trait that makes all the difference. This is called the tragic flaw in literary
theory and criticism. But for this tiny character failure, which occasions the
tragedy, the tragic hero will have arrived safely at destination in the great
journey called life.
*President Buhari |
This was when tragedy was defined as the
exclusive experience of kings and princes. That definition changed with the
advent of the 20th Century American playwright and essayist, Arthur Miller, who
made every man (not only noble men) a tragic hero.
He said since “tragedy is the consequence of a
man’s total compulsion to evaluate himself justly,” the common man could also
experience tragedy as much as the king or prince. He eloquently proved this
point in the Death Of A Salesman and in his other works to hack down the
foundations of Aristotle’s Poetics.
In both definitions, something is central, which is the quest of man to attain
perfection in spite of himself. The very nature of man places a limitation on
him and what creates the tragic circumstances is the refusal of man to
appreciate his own limitation. Perhaps, it would mark the end of time and
beginning of God’s kingdom, the day man overcomes this innate limitation and obliterates
the basis for tragic narratives.
This is very true of President Muhammadu
Buhari, who has been yearning to build a great Nigeria since 1983 without
appreciation of his limitation. The other thing about the tragic hero is that
his flaw is hidden from him but revealed to his audience. Nobody however, is
able to deliver help because the tragedy has been divinely programmed or so it
seems to happen. Even so, I am tempted to keep God out of this so that fatalism
is not made to replace existentialism and absolve man of culpability.
Man is still the architect of his fate. In
other words, God has no hands in the flaws that today separate Buhari from
accomplishment, much as he tries to drive the variables to a specific purpose.
His is even unusual. Whereas in classic tragedy the hero is often pinned down
to just a flaw, Buhari is almost boundless in that regard. As a character,
Buhari does not yield to easy description.
His motivations are complex. One does not
easily understand when he is working for Nigeria
and when he is working against Nigeria
or working for himself or a smaller group within the national scheme.
Prior to his grand re-entering in 2015, he had been declared by a
quasi-national consensus to be pure in character. Supported by a highly
efficient propaganda machinery, this position became unassailable. Not even the
legendary Professor Wole Soyinka with all he knows about reality and perception
could deconstruct the façade to bring out a deeper truth.
Every man is a product of his biological and
environmental heritages. Buhari is not different. He was born ordinary but
fought the opposing environmental forces to gain prodigious height. He had
risen through the ranks and upheavals of wars and military coups to become
military Head of State of Nigeria on December 31, 1984. He was retired
prematurely in 1985 by the same circumstances that had created him. He returned
in 2015 after 30 years of break to the same office.
In pleading his return, Prof. Soyinka had
dropped a memorable line. He said the intervening years, precisely between 1985
and 2015, had done something about Gen. Muhammadu Buhari and the memories of
his (Buhari) first life 30 years ago would not apply in his reincarnation.
Coming from the Nobel Laureate, the
proposition was good to take to the bank. Many Nigerians did except Buhari
himself who, like a snake, only changed skin; from khaki to babariga, without
changing character. The wine in him is getting better with age. This can be
counted as his first flaw along the tragic path. That is, his blunt refusal to
take Professor Soyinka seriously. He does not have a listening ear. And because
he never listens, he hears nothing new and learns nothing new. He is fixated on
methods and concepts and somehow genuinely thinks that Nigeria cannot
be larger than the Sokoto Caliphate.
Flowing from this is the burning desire in
Buhari to express power instead of authority in leadership. Power is crude and
inflicts pains. It is unsustainable outside coercion. Authority is refined,
inspiring and sustainable. Besides, power is fired by hate, intolerance,
vengeance, selfishness and pride. It is about the only instrument in
totalitarian regimes and because it suffers constant resistance, it aligns
almost always with propaganda to communicate leadership to the people.
On the other hand, authority is consensual,
collaborative, builds and operates on love and requires no extra effort or help
to communicate effective leadership to the people. Leaders who express
authority instead of power protect the common heritage against hijackers.
Under Buhari, there has been a preponderance
of power, which is why there is so much vocal effort by Lai Mohammed and others
to communicate Buhari’s leadership to the Nigerian people. People see anger and
vengeance instead of leadership. Whereas it is legitimate for leaders to be
angry about the objective social conditions and seek to make things better, it
is dangerous when leadership anger is tailored at vengeance and settling of
personal scores.
Nelson Mandela left the Robben Island
prison on February 11, 1990 very angry and hungered for political power in the
evolving configuration to make a bold statement. But he never planned to seize
leadership for the very narrow purpose of settling scores with his Boer
jailers. He left vengeful anger behind in his prison cell and sought to move South Africa
beyond the discriminations of apartheid to a Rainbow Nation where the freedoms
of all groups would be guaranteed. As it turned, his factor alone saved
post-apartheid South Africa
from a civil war. He didn’t need more than this to earn his place as a world
hero, not tragic hero.
Enough to say that leadership is more
spiritual than it is intellectual. What manifested regarding the Madiba was a
spirituality that took the entire humanity as a constituency even as the man
fought back the intellect that might have pushed the daunting memories of his
incarceration to the foreground of national discourse. You can call this the
leadership spirit, which flows in good measures in all leaders that withstand
the untainted judgment of history. And I feel free to say that what defines a
man is a spirit that connects effortlessly with God’s purpose and not a huge
intellect that rationalizes and seeks justification for hatred and every bad
conduct.
As said, the tragic hero is helpless. He is
simply himself and cannot possibly overreach himself in trying to achieve his purpose.
His intentions are pure but that is in direct proportion to the purity of his
spirit. His best efforts are challenged by what he may term inexplicable cosmic
interventions, but which his audience understands as his flaws.
So it is today with Buhari. He is a great man
doing everything to make a great point about leadership but nothing is adding
up. Yet he is not able to fix what is wrong because it is not part of the
privileges of tragic heroes to understand their flaws while still on stage. But
who knows, Buhari may change in the real sense of the word and refract his
fate. Otherwise, the rest of us can only pray for him to survive to sit among
the audience and witness a postmortem at the end of the ongoing tragic
performance.
FIRST PUBLISHED ON SUNDAY,
JUNE 18, 2017.
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