By Tope Shola Akinyetun
Terrorism is a plague from which no continent or country is immune… Coninsx.
The above statement exemplifies how widespread the menace of terrorism is around the world. Terrorism refers to the illegal use of violence to coerce a people or government to achieve a political end. The occurrence of terrorism could be domestic or international. Terrorism is domestic when it seeks to coerce or undermine the authority of a government within its territorial jurisdiction.
However, when it is aimed at weakening a government outside its jurisdiction or if its operations are transboundary, it is referred to as international terrorism. Terrorism is therefore an epidemic that if not reined, will transmogrify into a pandemic. To be sure, the menace of terrorism has permeated several continents and has left the citizens of many countries wallowing in poverty, displacement, deprivation, and unwarranted deaths.
Terrorism, no doubt, constitutes a bane to
international security. According to the Global Terrorism Index [GTI] (2020), West
Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Russia, South America, the Middle
East, and South Asia are among the regions with incidences of terrorism around
the world. This is an indication that international security remains a fluid
notion as long as terrorism grows.
The region with the highest incidence of terrorism
is sub-Saharan Africa. Terrorism in sub-Saharan Africa has assumed an
unprecedented dimension since the bombings of the United States Embassy in
Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. Evidence of terrorist activities also emerged in
Nigeria in 2009 when a young Nigerian, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempted to bomb
an aeroplane in Detroit.
Today,
terrorism in sub-Saharan Africa has become a more sophisticated nut for the
government to crack. Terrorist activities have become more pronounced in
Somalia, the Sahel, and the Lake Chad Basin as perpetrated by Al-Shabaab, Ansar
al-Dine, and Boko Haram, respectively.
Of these groups, Boko Haram has proven more active,
more deadly and more ferocious; ranking 3rd on the GTI rank and making Nigeria
an epicentre of terrorism in Africa.
Studying the Boko Haram sect in Nigeria is merited, as the group, with an
international outlook, has spread into neighbouring countries such as Niger,
Cameroon, Mali and Chad.
Despite the several counterterrorism strategies
adopted to combat the menace of terrorism in Nigeria, the country remains
plagued by incessant terrorist attacks. That is, these counterterrorism
measures have proven ineffective and are at risk of turning the military into
terrorists themselves. This has made winning the war on terror an illusion.
However, several key obstacles are responsible for
the failure of the government to tackle terrorism. These obstacles include
identity politics; prevailing socioeconomic conditions; a weak security
apparatus; the politicization of the war on terror; underfunded national
security and intelligence services; porous borders; and weak regional
integration – among others.
One of the major obstacles to solving the challenge
of terrorism is identity – ethnic, religious and cultural. The social identity
theory of extremism suggests that terrorism festers as a result of the notion
of ‘we’ vs ‘them’ or as a result of the perceived threat to a group’s identity.
This explains Boko Haram’s categorization of western education as a sin that
threatens Islamic teachings.
Given the level of multiculturalism in Nigeria, it
is not surprising to see a group like Boko Haram rise in arms against the
government following a perceived threat to its identity. Besides, post-colonial
African states such as Nigeria are majorly ridden with identity crises
following the artificial union occasioned by colonial construct. Therefore, the
lack of national identity and the consciousness of the identity of separation
makes it easy for terrorism to thrive.
Another key obstacle to solving the challenge of
terrorism in Africa is the prevailing economic condition of the country. For
instance, Nigeria is presently the poverty capital of the world with about 70
million (i.e. 40% of the total population) people living in abject poverty.
Whereas, Africa has been described as the poorest
continent in the world with about 433 million people. Following Ted Gurr’s
conception of relative deprivation, groups, when deprived, tend to subscribe to
frustration-aggression which makes the possibility, sustenance and
proliferation of terrorism possible.
A weak security apparatus is yet another obstacle
to curbing terrorism. The morale of the Nigerian army has been dampened over
time. This is not unconnected with the fact that the weapons of the officers
are often inferior to that of the members of the sect.
There have been allegations of the funds meant to
acquire arms for the Nigerian army being embezzled by the top echelon of the
military thus discouraging the officers from giving their all. Some officers
have also willingly resigned from the services of the military for fear of
being killed by the Boko Haram sect.
More so, there is speculation that government
officials might be sponsoring these terrorist groups to achieve a political
end. For instance, ex-President of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan once retorted
that Boko Haram adherents are in his government, in the legislature, judiciary,
police, armed forces, and other security agencies. This makes it difficult to
defeat the group given the possibility of insider information being leaked
ahead of assault operations. Also, it is suggested that terrorism is often
politicized by the political elite to serve as a cash cow.
The majority of the security and intelligence services in Africa are underfunded and understaffed and are therefore incapacitated from engaging in coordinated intelligence gathering. For instance, it is suggested that the war on terror in Africa has failed because the governments in Africa have failed to understand the structure and operations of the sects.
For emphasis, little is known about the organizational
structure of Boko Haram, its communication channels, recruitment channels and
financiers. The police have also been accused of lacking sophisticated gadgets
to intercept the communication channels of the sect, and forensic laboratories
to investigate the arms and other materials recovered from the sect.
Boko Haram takes advantage of porous borders and
poorly governed areas to spread its activities. These porous borders connecting
Nigeria to other countries along The Chad Basin and several other hinterlands
make it extremely difficult to track the activities of the sect before
spreading to other countries. Besides, the sect has constantly used this to its
advantage and to escape capture by security agencies.
There is also the challenge of weak sub-regional
cooperation between Nigeria and her neighbouring countries. There is no
overstating the need for a joint, coordinated and uniform strategy in tackling
terrorism – by both affected and yet to be affected – neighbouring countries.
Given the above, an effective, albeit, comprehensive approach to curbing
terrorism in Nigerian will be that which emphasizes a counter-narrative of
national identity; address the socioeconomic conditions that allow terrorism to
thrive; strengthen the security apparatuses; reduce political interference;
fund national security and intelligence services – through a public-private
partnership, increase the presence of security agencies at the borders and
reduce the number of such borders, and encourage a regionally-based Joint Task
Force against Boko Haram.
*Akinyetun is a commentator on public issues
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