By Owei Lakemfa
Exactly 70 years separate the July 26, 1953 suicidal attack on Moncada Barracks by Cuban youths who wanted to remove the military from power, and this Wednesday’s coup in Niger Republic which removed elected President Mohamed Bazoum and restored military rule. The coup plotters, styling themselves as the National Council for the Safeguarding of the Country, said in a speech by Air Force Colonel Major Amadou Abdramane that their treasonable move “is as a result of the continuing degradation of the security situation, the bad economic and social governance”.
Indeed, Niger, like many other African countries, is a paradox. It is one of the poorest countries in the world with 41 per cent of its 20 million people living on less than a dollar. It depends a lot on aid. Nigeria under former President Muhammadu Buhari in 2022 provided it with N1.4 billion worth of vehicles to run government and also took loans to build railway from Nigeria into Maradi in Niger Republic.
Yet, it is rich in minerals such as oil, silver, salt gold, gypsum, coal, tin, iron ore, phosphates and uranium. Indeed, it has the fifth largest uranium deposits in the world. Its primary problem, like that of many African countries is that its wealth is controlled by foreign companies and countries.Although bodies like the United
Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, and
countries such as Nigeria, Benin, the United States of America and France have
condemned the coup, the plotters are consolidating. In any case, who knows the
backers of the coup? In the case of Cuba, six years after their first attempt,
the youths led by colourful historical figures like Fidel Castro, Camilo
Cienfuegos, Haydee Santamaria and Ernesto Che Guevera not only removed the
military from power, but also disbanded it. In its place, flowered a new
military loyal to the Cuban people. Since then, nobody has dared to organise a
military coup in that country.
In contrast, within two decades
of saying farewell to coups in Africa, they have simply multiplied. Abdel
Fattah el-Sisi who styles himself a Field Marshall, executed a brutal coup on
July 3, 2013, murdered scores of Egyptians, allowed elected President Mohammed
Morsi to die in prison due to lack of medical care and turned the country into
a huge prison where the rule of law is not respected. Tragically, Sisi who also
became Chairman of the African Union, is the toast of so-called advanced
countries.
In Sudan, the military led by
General Fattah al-Burhan in April 2019, imposed itself on a popular uprising.
It then aligned itself with the rogue elements of the murderous Sudanese Arab
Janjaweed militia, now renamed the Rapid Support Forces, to soak the country in
the blood of its patriots. On April 15, 2023 the Sudanese military and the
Janjaweed turned their weapons on each other, drenching the entire country in
blood. Within three months of this senseless conflict, the Sudanese coup
plotters have killed over 2,000, displaced 2.2 million people from their homes,
forced about 550,000 into exile and with some 25 million people in desperate
need of basic needs like food.
There have also been coups in
Mali and Burkina Faso while there have been strenuous efforts not to classify
the April 20, 2021 coup in Chad by General Mahamat Deby, as a coup. There is
also the Ivorien President Alassane Ouattara imposing himself in October 2020
on the country through an unconstitutional third term and declaring himself
re-elected with 95.31 per cent of the votes. What is this if not a coup? Coups
succeed in Africa mainly because the people are alienated from the state and
their leaders who are guarded by Praetorian guards. So all that is required, is
for these guards to conspire, arrest the President, and a coup is on. That was
what happened to Guinean President Alpha Conde in 2020 after he imposed himself
for a third term. That is what happened this week to President Bazoum whose
presidential guards put him under arrest.
In all these, the populace who
are continuously pushed into extreme poverty by the programmes and policies of
the government in power, hardly see the need to sacrifice their lives in
defence of such governments. This is in contrast with the situation in Cuba
since 1959 where anybody that dares to organise a coup, knows it has the
populace to contend with as there would be massive resistance in the streets. I
had concluded that a military coup is virtually impossible in Cuba when I
visited the island as a young journalist in 1986. The first morning I went out
in the streets, I came across columns of people in army uniform cleaning the
gutters and emptying drains. I asked my Cuban friend who these people were and
he confirmed they were serving soldiers. Later, I came across building sites
and the builders were soldiers.
I asked my friend why soldiers
were so deployed, and he answered that since the country was not at war, what else
would the soldiers be doing? How will they earn their pay? I reflected that
back home in Nigeria, the soldiers simply report at their offices, do some
parade and go home. In the evenings when I went out, the Cuban government had
bands in the streets with free beer and the people dancing. There were soldiers
drenched in sweat drinking and dancing with no difference whatsoever from the
rest of the populace, who back in Nigeria, are called ‘bloody civilians’.
I discovered that military
service for Cubans from age 18 was routine, especially after high school or
tertiary training. Even now, under its National Defence Act No. 75, Cubans
routinely go for two-three year military training. So in a country where
virtually every adult you meet has military training, which soldiers would be
crazy enough to want to carry out a coup? This is beside the fact that unlike
nearly all the armies in Africa, the Cuban army is pro-people and not
neo-colonial. There is also the fact that the loyalty of the Cuban military to
the elected government of the country, can be taken for granted.
This Wednesday evening, the
Cuban Charge D’ Affairs, Pavel Bauza on behalf of new Ambassador Miriam Morales
Palmero, filled in guests on the effects of the July 26 uprising and how Cubans
despite over six decades of US sanctions and blockade, have built a country
that cares for all its citizens. A country that provides one of the best
healthcare systems in the world for all its citizens; in which the right to
work and education are guaranteed and literacy is almost 100 per cent. As he
spoke, I reflected that the antidote against coups, is the people.
*Lakemfa is a commentator on public issues
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